Imagine a legacy e-commerce platform described as follows: 'A single monolithic application handles user auth, inventory management, payment processing, and email notifications. The database schema consists of 200 tables, with no foreign key constraints enforced at the DB level. The business logic is heavily intertwined with the UI rendering code. Deployment requires taking the entire system offline for 2 hours.' Write a detailed architectural critique identifying the specific violations of SOLID principles, the risks associated with the database design, and the bottlenecks preventing horizontal scaling. Propose a high-level refactoring strategy (e.g., microservices extraction) prioritizing the most critical components.