Review the provided code snippet purely from a software architecture perspective. Do not focus on syntax errors. Analyze the code for adherence to SOLID principles. Identify any anti-patterns, tight coupling, or low cohesion. Propose a refactoring strategy that improves modularity and testability. Provide the refactored code structure using pseudo-code or the same language, highlighting which design patterns (e.g., Factory, Observer, Strategy) you have applied and why.