Analyze the philosophical foundations of scientific inquiry, including the problem of induction, the theory-laden nature of observation, and the demarcation problem between science and non-science. Discuss major contributions from philosophers of science such as Popper, Kuhn, Feyerabend, and Lakatos to our understanding of how scientific knowledge progresses. Examine the tension between realism and anti-realism in scientific theories, and consider the implications of underdetermination of theory by evidence. Evaluate the limitations of the scientific method when applied to areas with high complexity, multiple variables, or ethical constraints. Consider whether the scientific method itself evolves or whether it represents an unchanging ideal of inquiry.