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QUBO (Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization)
Standard mathematical formulation for combinatorial optimization problems, where the objective is to minimize a quadratic function of binary variables without constraints, serving as a bridge between enterprise problems and quantum solvers.
Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA)
Hybrid variational algorithm designed to find approximate solutions to combinatorial optimization problems, by alternately applying parameterized mixing and problem operators on a quantum computer.
Problem Hamiltonian
Mathematical operator (Hermitian matrix) whose energy structure encodes the objective function of an optimization problem, where the ground state corresponds to the optimal solution.
Binary Encoding
Technique for mapping variables from a classical optimization problem (continuous or discrete) into qubits, where each variable is represented by a string of quantum bits, directly impacting circuit complexity.
Variational Optimizer
Classical optimization loop that iteratively adjusts the parameters of a quantum circuit (ansatz) to minimize a cost function, forming the core of hybrid algorithms such as QAOA and VQE.
Ising Model
Mathematical model of magnetic spins on a lattice, equivalent to the QUBO model and fundamental for quantum annealing, where the system energy depends on interactions between neighboring spins.
Energy Gap
Energy difference between the ground state (optimal solution) and the first excited state, whose size influences the convergence speed and robustness of adiabatic quantum optimization algorithms.
Quantum Oracles
Quantum functions or subroutines that mark the correct solutions of a search problem, used as building blocks in algorithms such as Grover's to identify optimal states.
Quantum Complexity
Branch of complexity theory that classifies problems according to the resources required to solve them with a quantum computer, defining classes such as BQP (Bounded-error Quantum Polynomial time).
Phase Gate
Unitary quantum operator that applies a phase rotation to a qubit's state, essential in constructing optimization circuits to encode problem weights and penalties.
Entangled States
Quantum states of multiple qubits where individual states cannot be described independently, enabling strong correlations exploited to simultaneously explore multiple solutions in the optimization space.